意外、事故、失事、虛驚、危害、失效、故障、誤差、瑕疵、...

hlperng

意外 (accident)
1. FAA, 2013
An unplanned event or series of events that results in death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.

2.  ISO 14620-1:2018, 3.1.1 accident
Undesired event from operation of any project-specific items which results in:
(1) human death or injury;
(2) loss of, or damage to, hardware, software, or facilities which could then affect the accomplished of the mission;
(3) loss of, or damage to, public or private property; or
(4) detrimental effects on the environment.  
Note 1 to entry: Accident and mishap are synonymous.

3. ISO 10795:2019, 3.8 accident / mishap
Undesired event from operation of any project-specific items which results in:
(1) human death or injury;
(2) loss of, or damage to, hardware, software, or facilities which could then affect the accomplished of the mission;
(3) loss of, or damage to, public or private property; or
(4) detrimental effects on the environment.  


事故 (incident)
1. ISO 10795:2019, 3.124 incident
Unexpected event that might be, or could lead to, an operational interruption, disruption, loss, emergency, crisis, or accident.  

2. NASA NPR-8621.1D:2020
An occurrence of a mishap or close call.

3. Something did occur and harm was caused.  


失事 (mishap)  
1. JAXA JERG-1-007E:2019
An event that results in injury, death, or illness to person and / or loss or damage to property, launch vehicles, or payload, or related GSE.   

2. ISO 10795:2019, 3.8 accident / mishap
Undesired event from operation of any project-specific items which results in:
(1) human death or injury;
(2) loss of, or damage to, hardware, software, or facilities which could then affect the accomplished of the mission;
loss of, or damage to, public or private property; or
(3) detrimental effects on the environment.  

3. NASA-8621.1D:2020
An unplanned event resulting in at least one of the following:
(1) Occupational injury or occupational illness to personnel caused by operations.
(2) Destruction of or damage to property, public or private property, including foreign property, caused by operations.
(3) Mission failure before the scheduled completion of the planned primary mission.  

4. DoDI 6055.07:2011
An unplanned event or series of events that results in damage to DoD property; occupational illness to DoD personnel; injury to on- or off-duty DoD military personnel; injury to on-duty DoD civilian personnel; or damage to public or private property, or injury or illness to non-DoD personnel, caused by DoD activities.  

Space mishap: A DoD mishap involving a space system or unique space support equipment.  



未遂、幾近錯失、幾近命中 (near miss)
1. NASA NPR-8621.1D:2020
An event requiring first aid treatment or less, or property damage / mission failure direct cost of less than $20,000, but has NASA mishap potential considering and documenting either most likely or worst case estimates by the responsible organization.  
指需要急救處理或更少的事件，或財產損失/任務失敗的直接成本低於 20,000 美元，但考慮到負責機構所估計的最可能情況或最壞情況，該事件具有 NASA 事故的潛在風險。

2. DoDI 6055.07:2011 (near miss)
An undesired event that, under slightly different circumstances, would have resulted in personnel harm, property damage, or an undesired loss of resources.  

3. OSHA.org
A near miss is an opportunity to improve health and safety in a workplace based on a condition or an incident with potential for more serious consequences, including:
(1) unsafe conditions;
(2) unsafe behavior, such as a worker modifying personal protection equipment for comfort;
(3) minor incident and injuries that had potential to be more serious;
(4) events where injury could have occurred but didn’t;
(5) events where property damage could have resulted but didn’t;
(6) events where a safety barrier was challenged, such as as a worker bypassing a machine guard;
(7) events where potential environmental damage could have resulted but didn’t.
https://www.osha.gov/sites/defau ... orting%20Policy.pdf

4. An unplanned event happening, that does not result in an injury /  illness or damage but had potential to do so.  Something has occurred that did not result in injury / illness or damage but could have.  

5. Something did occur but there was no harm caused.  



虛驚 (close call)
1. Something dangerous almost happened.  

2. A situation in which someone only just manages to avoid an accident or disaster.



危害 (hazard)  
1. JAXA JERG-1-007E:2019
An existing or potential condition that can result in a mishap.

2. Something could occur.  



失效 (failure)  
1. JAXA JERG-1-007E:2019
The inability of a system, subsystem, component or part to perform its required function within specified constraints, under specified conditions and for a specified duration.  


故障 (fault)
1. Merriam-Webster definition
A fault is a weakness, mistake, defect, or responsibility for a wrongful act or failure. It represents an imperfection in an object or character (e.g., a "design fault"), an error in judgment, or a, "break in the earth's crust,". It is also used to indicate blame ("it's my fault") or in sports to mean an invalid serve.

2. ISO 26262-1:2018 (functional safety for road vehicles)
A fault is defined as an abnormal condition that can cause an element or an item to fail. It is considered the underlying root cause—such as a hardware defect or software bug - that has the potential to lead to a system failure.

3. ISO/IEC 2382-14:1997, 14.01.10 fault
An abnormal condition that may cause a reduction in, or loss of, the capability of a functional unit to perform a required function.
Note 1 to entry: IEV 191-05-01 defines "fault" as a state characterized by the inability to perform a required function, excluding the inability during preventive maintenance or other planned actions, or due to lack of external resources.


誤差 (error)
1. ISO 26262-1:2018
Discrepancy between a computed, observed, or measured value or condition, and the true, specified or theoretically correct value or condition.
An error is the manifestation of a fault that results in incorrect behavior or outputs from the system.  It is the outcome or consequence of a fault affecting the system’s operation.
Notice that an error is an event, as opposed to a fault, which is a property of the state.  In the previous example, the inability of the value to open on command is an error that is a consequence of the corresponding fault.  


缺陷、缺點、瑕疵 (defect)
1. ISO 9000:2015
缺陷（Defect）指「未滿足與預期或規定用途相關的要求」（nonconformity related to customer requirements）。它與「不合格」（Nonconformity，未滿足一般要求）不同，缺陷特別強調與產品/服務的法律責任及客戶期望相關的失效。


不符合 (non-conformance)  
1. JAXA JERG-1-007E:2019
A condition where one or more characteristics of parts, materials, or services used for components does not comply with specified requirements.  It includes failure, discrepancy, defect, and functional abnormality.

2. 不符合與不合格 (non-conformity) 也有若干的差異，主要在於法律的約束性程度。